Which lung cancer produces PTHrP?
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of PTHrP-producing lung cancer (2,3). Tumor progression is usually rapid in patients with HHM (4). In the normal state, the serum calcium level is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.
What causes elevated PTHrP?
An increased level of PTH-related protein with a high blood calcium level is usually caused by cancer. PTH-related protein can be produced by many different kinds of cancers, including those of the lung, breast, head, neck, bladder, and ovaries.
What is the role of PTHrP?
PTHrP is found in the pancreatic islet and ductal cells. PTHrP acts on PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1P) to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. It has been demonstrated that the overexpression of PTHrP stimulates insulin production, inhibits apoptosis, and also increases pancreatic islet mass (8, 9).
Which malignancy is most commonly associated with hypercalcemia?
The most common cancers associated with hypercalcemia in the United States are breast, renal, and lung cancer and multiple myeloma [2]. Malignancy is usually evident clinically by the time it causes hypercalcemia, and patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy often have a poor prognosis.
What is a high PTHrP level?
Thus, patients with elevated PTHrP tend to have severe hypercalcemia, often greater than 12 mg/dL. Patients with PTHrP-mediated hypercalcemia also typically have suppressed PTH levels, and the patient above is no exception.
What is normal PTHrP level?
Normal range . ALL . PTHrP <2.5 pmol/L .
What is the normal range for PTHrP?
Baseline characteristics
| . | Normal range . | ALL . |
|---|---|---|
| PTHrP (pmol/L) | <2.5 | 4.9 ± 0.5 |
| Prevalence PTHrP >2.5 pmol/L (%) | 53 (79/147) | |
| Calcitriol (pmol/L) | 70–180 | 72.1 ± 3.1 |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 1.0–6.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
How long does a PTHrP test take?
Preparation: No special preparation required. Test Results: 6-8 days. May take longer based on weather, holiday or lab delays.
What is humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) is caused by the oversecretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) from malignant tumors. Although any tumor may cause HHM, that induced by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or gastric cancer (GC) is rare.
What is a normal PTHrP level?
The normal range for a parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test is 14 to 65 pg/mL.
Which malignancy is most associated with hypercalcemia secondary to humoral secretion of PTHrP?
Excessive secretion of PTHrP is the most common cause of hypercalcemia of malignancy. It is also known as humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and accounts for about 80% of the cases. It is usually seen in solid tumors and few cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Does PTHrP increase vit D?
Abstract. We investigated in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy whether parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) elevation causes a rise in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2 D) serum levels.
What is a malignant pleural effusion (MPE)?
effusion is due to cancer cells in the fluid, the effusion is called a “malignant pleural effusion” or MPE. What causes a malignant pleural effusion (MPE) to form? An MPE forms when cells from either a lung cancer or another type of cancer spread to the pleural space. These cancer cells increase the production of pleural fluid and
What is the most common underlying tumor in pleural effusion?
Dyspnea is the most common symptom of MPE. The most common underlying tumors are lymphomas and cancers of the lung, breast and ovaries, which account for 75% of cases. The diagnosis of MPE can be established by the presence of malignant cells in the pleural fluid or tissue.
What are the critical outcomes of acute pleural effusion?
In our review, the outcomes of mortality, respiratory failure, and treatment success (defined as no further ipsilateral pleural intervention) were considered critical, and the outcomes of complications (empyema, bleeding, pneumonia) were considered important. Other complications (cellulitis and fever) were considered not important for this outcome.
What is the rate of pneumothorax after thoracentesis for pleural effusion?
Historically, the rate of pneumothorax after thoracentesis for any/all causes of pleural effusions has been reported to be as high as 39% ( 12 ), although more recent and larger studies have shown substantially lower rates of pneumothorax in all cases, but especially when ultrasound guidance is used ( 13, 14 ).