Does ADAR function in RNA editing?
ADARs are RNA editing enzymes that target double-stranded regions of nuclear-encoded RNA and viral RNA. These enzymes are particularly abundant in the nervous system, where they diversify the information encoded in the genome, for example, by altering codons in mRNAs.
Who discovered RNA editing?
RNA editing, a type of RNA processing, was first discovered by Benne and co-workers in a mitochondrion-encoded mRNA of a kinetoplastid trypanosome.
What is RNA editing in botany?
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. It occurs in all living organisms and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs.
What are the steps of RNA editing?
The mechanisms of RNA editing can be divided into two categories, addition and deletion or substitution.
- Addition and Deletion. The first way that RNA can be edited is through addition. In addition editing, new nucleotides are inserted into the original sequence.
- Substitution. Another type of RNA editing is substitution.
What is ADAR editing?
ADARs are one of the most common forms of RNA editing, and have both selective and non-selective activity. ADAR is able to modify and regulate the output of gene product, as inosine is interpreted by the cell to be guanosine. ADAR can change the functionality of small RNA molecules.
What is ADAR protein?
The ADAR gene provides instructions for making a protein called RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1). This protein is involved in making changes to (editing) ribonucleic acid (RNA), a chemical cousin of DNA.
Why is RNA editing important?
RNA editing generates RNA and protein diversity in eukaryotes and results in specific amino acid substitutions, deletions, and changes in gene expression levels. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing represents the most important class of editing in human and affects function of many genes.
Do humans have RNA editing?
RNA editing occurs primarily within noncoding regions, and only a small percentage takes place in coding regions resulting in amino acid change. In humans, A-to-I editing mostly occurs in introns and untranslated regions (UTRs) of protein coding genes [79].
Why is RNA modification important?
1.2. Posttranscriptional RNA Modification. All RNAs are involved in activities that contribute directly or indirectly to the regulation, accuracy, and efficiency of gene expression that is fulfilled in translating the mRNA codons into the amino acid sequences of proteins.
How many RNA modifications are there?
Many of the more than 170 modifications present in RNA have been known for decades, but only in the past several years have sufficiently sensitive tools and high-resolution genome-wide techniques been developed to identify and quantify these modifications in low-abundance RNA species such as mRNA (2, 3).
What is the ADAR gene?
What does Apobec stand for?
APOBEC stands for apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide. As the name suggests, this class of enzyme was originally identified as an enzyme that edits mRNA species by deaminating cytosine to uracil, which in this case produces a stop codon and truncated protein (Anant & Davidson, 2001).