What activates IRF3?
IRF3 is a transcription factor that controls multiple IFN-inducing pathways, including the TLR3 pathway, which can be triggered by dsRNA, and the pathways triggered by other RNA and DNA sensors. IRF3 is normally activated by TBK1 and/or IKKε kinases.
What activates IRF1?
IRF1 both modulates and is regulated by activating and repressive epigenetic marks on chromatin, including histone methylation (such as H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) or acetylation at promoter proximal sites. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009220.g005.
What is IRF3 5D?
IRF3(5D) is the constitutive active mutant of IRF3. 19,36,37 The seven phosphorylation sites in RD can be phosphorylated by TBK1 or IKK”. The putative proline-dependent phosphorylation sites are Thr3, Ser123, Ser170, Thr180 and Ser339.
What is interferon response?
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by a variety of cells in the inflammatory response to infections. Their production is triggered by the immune system in response to pathogens or cytokines.
What is the role of IRF3?
IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription regulator of cellular responses in many cell types that is known to be essential for innate immunity.
What does IRF3 promote?
IRF3 is activated by phosphorylation (by kinases TBK1 and IKKε), promoting dimerization, nuclear translocation, association with the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP) and binding to canonical interferon response element sequence (IRES) in the promoter of IFN-β and IFN-α (18–21).
What is the role of interferon gamma?
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine critical to both innate and adaptive immunity, and functions as the primary activator of macrophages, in addition to stimulating natural killer cells and neutrophils.
How does NF ΚB induce gene expression?
How does NF-κB induce gene expression? A small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-κB, activating it. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor Iκ-B dissociates the complex between it and NF-κB, and allows NF-κB to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription.
How do interferons inhibit viruses?
Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus’s multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them.
What is interferon used to treat?
Interferon alfa-2b injection is used to treat hepatitis B and C, lymphoma (lymph node cancer), malignant melanoma (skin cancer), genital warts, hairy cell leukemia (blood cell cancer), and Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS-related tumor). Interferons are substances produced by cells in the body to help fight infections and tumors.
Is IRF3 a transcription factor?
IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is one of the most well-characterized transcription factors involved in the regulation of innate immune responses.
What is IRF immunology?
Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons (see regulation of gene expression).