How does tuberculosis affect the genitourinary system?
[2] GUTB becomes important as it is often diagnosed late, and this delay can lead to complications such as urethral or ureteric strictures, renal failure, infertility, as well as a myriad of other complications which necessitate specialist care.
What is genitourinary tuberculosis?
Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is defined as infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the urinary tract or genitalia.
What causes genitourinary tuberculosis?
Genitourinary TB is usually caused by metastatic spread of organism through the blood stream during the initial infection. This active disease results from the primary infection or a reactivation of the initial infection.
How is genitourinary tuberculosis diagnosed?
The usual tests used to diagnose GUTB are the demonstration of mycobacterium in urine or body fluid and radiographic examination. Intravenous urography (IVU) has been considered to be one of the most useful tests for the anatomical as well as the functional details of kidneys and ureters.
What are the symptoms of urinary TB?
Symptoms of genitourinary TB may include flank pain, dysuria, and frequent urination. In men, genital TB may manifest as a painful scrotal mass, prostatitis, orchitis, or epididymitis. In women, genital TB may mimic pelvic inflammatory disease.
Is genitourinary tuberculosis curable?
Urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) should in general be treated as pulmonary TB with a four-drug regimen of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide for a total of 6 months, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide only the first two months.
What are the 4 stages of TB?
TB infection happens in 4 stages: the initial macrophage response, the growth stage, the immune control stage, and the lung cavitation stage. These four stages happen over roughly one month.
Can TB be detected in urine?
Urine-based TB diagnostics have the potential to reduce missed TB diagnoses and reduce mortality in patients with advanced HIV disease. Urine is easily obtainable and can be tested using either a lateral flow assay (LFA) for TB-lipoarabinomannan (TB-LAM) or the Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert; Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA).
What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?
The cycle of TB infection begins with dispersion of M. tuberculosis aerosols. A dose of one to 10 bacilli are dispersed throughout the air, making the risk of transmission likely. In the patient’s lung, the bacilli are phagocytized by alveolar macrophage cells, which then invade the underlying epithelium.